Survey design (1/4)

American National Election Study (ANES)

1948

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage stratified area sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1952

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage stratified sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1956

Panel study

Sampling: Multi-stage stratified sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1958

Panel study

Sampling: Random probability sample + panel respondents from 1956 study

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1960

Panel study

Sampling: Panel respondents from 1956 & 1958 studies + refreshment

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1962

Post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage stratified area sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1964

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Stratified area sampling (by county) + supplement of Black voters

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1966

Post election study

Sampling: Area probability sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1968

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Stratified area sampling (by county) + supplement of Black voters

Survey mode: face-to-face interview + paper questionnaire

1970

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified area sampling (by county) + supplement of Black voters and young respondents coming of voting age

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1972

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Random probability sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview + paper questionnaire

1974

Panel study

Sampling: Panel respondents from 1972 study + cross-sectional refreshment

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1976

Panel study

Sampling: Panel respondents from 1972 and 1974 studies + cross-sectional refreshment

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1978

Post election study

Sampling: Area probability sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1980

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Area probability sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1982

Post election study

Sampling: Area probability sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1984

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage area probability sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face and telephone interview

1986

Post election study

Sampling: Multistage area probability sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1988

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multistage area probability sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1990

Post election study

Sampling: Multistage area probability sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1992

Panel study

Sampling: Panel participants from 1990 study + cross-sectional refreshment

Survey mode: face-to-face and telephone interview

1994

Panel study

Sampling: Panel participants from 1990 and 1992 studies + cross-sectional refreshment

Survey mode: Computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI)

1996

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Panel participants from 1992 and 1994 studies + cross-sectional refreshment

Survey mode: face-to-face and telephone interview

1998

Post election study

Sampling: Area probability sample

Survey mode: telephone and face-to-face interview)

2000

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Area probability sample + Random Digit Dial (RDD) sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face and telephone interview

2002

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Panel participants from 2000 study +refreshment recruited by Random Digit Dial (RDD) sampling

Survey mode: telephone (CATI)

2004

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage area probability sample

Survey mode: Computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI)

2008

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage probability sampling from residential addresses + Black and Latino oversampling

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview (CAPI) and Audio Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing (ACASI)

2012

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage probability sampling from residential addresses + Black and Latino oversampling. Additionally Random Digit Dial (RDD) and address-based sampling for web mode

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview (CAPI) and Audio Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing (ACASI) + web questionnaire

2016

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Stratified clustered sampling (by state and district) from residential addresses

Survey mode: face-to-face interview and web questionnaire

2020

Pre & post election study

Sampling: Panel participants from 2020 General Social Survey and 2016 ANES study + fresh cross-sectional stratified area sample (by state and district) from residential addresses

Survey mode: Web questionnaire, telephone and video interviews

2024

Pre & post election study

Sampling: For pre-election: multi-stage stratified cluster sample. For post-election: multi-stage stratified cluster sample + panel respondents from 2016 and 2020 studies

Survey mode: Face-to-face, telephone and video interviews + web and paper questionnaires

Argentine Panel Election Study (APES)

2015

Panel study

Sampling: Stratified multistage cluster sampling, mixing probability and non-probability methods

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

Australian Election Study (AES)

1987

Post election study

Sampling: Systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

1990

Post election study

Sampling: Systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

1993

Post election study

Sampling: Systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

1996

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

1998

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

2001

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

2004

Post election study

Sampling: Main sample: stratified systematic random sampling from electoral register. Supplementary sample: multi-stage sample (by federal divisions)

Survey mode: paper

2007

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper

2010

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified systematic random sampling from electoral register & recontacted respondents of previous surveys & respondents from online panel

Survey mode: paper (for the main survey only) and web

2013

Post election study

Sampling: Systematic random sampling from electoral register

Survey mode: paper and web

2016

Post election study

Sampling: Multi-stage stratified random sample; first half from the electoral register, and second half from the national address register

Survey mode: web and paper

2019

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified sample drawn from the national address register & respondents from online panel

Survey mode: web and paper (push-to-web)

2022

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified sample drawn from the national address register & respondents from online panel

Survey mode: web and paper (push-to-web)

2025

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified sample drawn from the national address register & respondents from online panel

Survey mode: web and paper (push-to-web)

Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES)

2008

Post election study

Sampling: Multiple stratified probability sampling from census data

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2013

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified random sampling (by provinces)

Survey mode: telephone

2017

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sample (by municipality)

Survey mode: telephone

2019

Panel study

Sampling: Quota sample from online access panel

Survey mode: web

2024

Panel study

Sampling: Quota sample from online access panel (by gender, age, education, region)

Survey mode: web

2017-2024

Panel study (4-waves)

Sampling: Quota sample from online access panel

Survey mode: web

RepResent Belgian Panel (RBP)

2009

Panel study

Sampling: Stratified sample from national registry (Flanders and Wallonia regions)

Survey mode: Face-to-face and telephone interview

2014

Panel study

Sampling: Stratified sample from national registry (Flanders and Wallonia regions)

Survey mode: Face-to-face and telephone interview

2019

Panel study

Sampling: Quota sample from online access panel (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels regions)

Survey mode: web

2024

Panel study

Sampling: Quota sample from online access panel (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels regions)

Survey mode: web

Brazilian Electoral Studies (BES)

2002

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sampling (by city, regarding the 5 regions and 27 states of the country, census track, household). National sample, 2.513 interviews.

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

2006

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sampling (by city, regarding the 5 regions and 27 states of the country, census track, household). National sample, 1.000 interviews.

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

2010

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sampling (by city, regarding the 5 regions and 27 states of the country, census track, household). National sample, 2.000 interviews.

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

2014

Post election study*

Sampling: Stratified probability sampling (by city, regarding the 5 regions and 27 states of the country, census track, household). National sample_2.506 interviews + complemented by 630 interviews in the State of São Paulo* (see note below)

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

2018

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sampling (by city, regarding the 5 regions and 27 states of the country, census track, household). National sample, 2.506 interviews.

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

2022

Post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sampling (by city, regarding the 5 regions and 27 states of the country, census track, household). National sample, 2.001 interviews.

Survey mode: Face-to-face interview

*=The total sample of BES 2014 was designed proportionally to the universe based on 2,506 interviews.However, to allow the reading of the isolated results of the state of Sao Paulo (state capital, capital surrounding periphery and interior cities of the state), the initial sample of each of these areas was supplemented, arriving at a total sample of 3,136 interviews. With the sample complement, Brazil was over-represented in these areas, making it necessary to use weights to understand the proportional representation of all areas in relation to the universe in question. Therefore, the use of the weighs is not necessary only in the following cases: 1. Results only for the state capital of São Paulo; 2. Results only for the surrounding capital periphery of São Paulo; 3. Results only for the interior cities of São Paulo; . 4. Other results that do not include the state of São Paulo.

Canadian Election Study (CES-EEC)

1997

Post-election study

Sampling: Two-stage probability sampling (by Random Digit Dial (RDD) + next birthday methods)

Survey mode: Telephone and paper (mail-back)

2004

Post-election study

Sampling: Two-stage probability sampling (by Random Digit Dial (RDD) + next birthday methods)

Survey mode: Telephone and paper (mail-back)

2008

Post-election study

Sampling: Two-stage probability sampling (by Random Digit Dial (RDD) + next birthday methods) + panel sample (2004 & 2006 surveys)

Survey mode: Telephone and paper (mail-back)

2011

Post-election study

Sampling: Two-stage probability sampling (by Random Digit Dial (RDD) + next birthday methods) + panel sample (2004 – 2008 surveys)

Survey mode: Telephone and paper (mail-back)

2015

Post-election study

Sampling: Two-stage probability sampling (by Random Digit Dial (RDD) + next birthday methods) + online panel respondents

Survey mode: Telephone and paper (mail-back) + web for panel respondents

2019

Pre & Post election study

Sampling: For telephone survey: two-stage probability sampling (by modified Random Digit Dial (RDD) + next birthday methods). For online survey: quota sampling from online panel.

Survey mode: Telephone and web

2021

Pre & Post election study

Sampling: Stratified online panel (quota) sampling

Survey mode: Web

2025

Pre & Post election study

Sampling: Stratified online panel (quota) sampling

Survey mode: Web

Croatian National Election Study

1990

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by region, rural/urban, center/suburb, sex and age).

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1992

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by region, rural/urban, center/suburb, sex and age).

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1995

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by region, rural/urban, center/suburb, sex and age).

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1999

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2003

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by region, rural/urban, center/suburb, sex and age)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2007

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by settlement, household and first birthday method)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2012

Post election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by region, settlement, household, and quotas)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2015

Post election study

Sampling: Random sampling (by birthday method)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2016

Post election study

Sampling: Random sampling (by birthday method)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2018

Post election study

Sampling: Random sampling (by birthday method)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2020

Pre election study

Sampling: Multistage stratified simple random sample (by region, settlement, household, and quotas)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

Czech National Election Study

2002

Post election study

Sampling: Quota sampling from national statistical office (by gender, age, education and size of place of residence). Representative by region.

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2006

Post election study

Sampling: Quota sampling from national statistical office (by gender, age, education and size of place of residence). Representative by region.

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2010

Post election study

Sampling: Quota sampling from national statistical office (by gender, age, education and size of place of residence). Representative by region.

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2013

Post election study

Sampling: Quota sampling (by region, size of place of residence, gender, age and education). Data source for quota selection: Czech Statistical Office (Population, Housing and Dwelling Census 2011).

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2017

Post election study

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2021

Panel study

Sampling: Quota sampling (by region, size of place of residence, gender, age and education). Data source for quota selection: Czech Statistical Office.

Survey mode: face-to-face interview (72% PAPI, 28% CAPI)

2023

Panel study

Sampling: Online access panel sample

Survey mode: web

Dutch Parliamentary Election Studies (DPES)

1967

Pre election study

Sampling: –

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1971

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Two-stage stratified random sampling

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1981

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Two-stage stratified random sampling from various registers

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1982

Post election study

Sampling: Random sample from mail-delivery register + panel respondents to 1981 study

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1986

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Random sample from mail-delivery register

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1989

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Random sample from Geographic Base register

Survey mode: face-to-face interview (CAPI)

1994

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Random sample from Geographic Base register

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

1998

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Stratified probability sample (by region and municipality)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview + paper drop-off questionnaire

2002

Panel study

Sampling: Random sample from population register

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2006

Panel study

Sampling: Two-stage stratified sample (by municipality and individual)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2010

Panel study

Sampling: Stratified probability sample (by municipality)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview

2012

Post election study

Sampling: Two-stage stratified sample (by municipality and individual)

Survey mode: face-to-face interview + paper drop-off questionnaire

2017

Post election study

Sampling: Probability sample from national register + opt-in panel respondents

Survey mode: face-to-face interview (CAPI), web and paper (drop-off) questionnaires

2021

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Probability sample from national register + opt-in panel respondents

Survey mode: web and paper

2023

Pre and post election study

Sampling: Probability sample from LISS panel + respondents from non-self subscribe panel (I&O research)

Survey mode: web

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